Stock Charts, Trends, Volume, Patterns & Indicators, Moving average, Support & Resistance

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What are Stock Charts?

Quite simply, they are graphs that show us the price of a stock over time. The study of stock charts, known as TECHNICAL ANALYSIS, believes that the past action of the market itself will determine the future course of prices.

A stock chart is a simple two-axis (x-y) plotted graph of price and time. Each individual equity, market and index listed on a public exchange has a chart that illustrates this movement of price over time. Time is shown on the horizontal axis of the graph and the price is shown on the vertical axis.

Individual data plots for charts can be made using the CLOSING price for each day. The plots are connected together in a single line, creating the graph. Also, a combination of the OPENING, CLOSING, HIGH and/or LOW prices for that market session can be used for the data plots.

This second type of data is called a PRICE BAR. Individual price bars are then overlaid onto the graph, creating a dense visual display of stock movement.

Stock charts can be created in many different time frames. Mutual fund holders use monthly charts in which each individual data plot consists of a single month of activity. Day traders use 1 minute and 5 minute stock charts to make quick buy and sell decisions. The most common type of stock chart is the daily plot, showing a single complete market session for each unit.

Stock charts can be drawn in two different ways. An ARITHMETIC chart has equal vertical distances between each unit of price. A LOGARITHMIC chart is a percentage growth chart. It has equal vertical distances between the same percentages of price growth. For example, a price movement from 10 to 20 is a 100% move. A move from 20 to 40 is also a 100% move. For this reason, the vertical distance from 10 to 20 and the vertical distance from 20 to 40 will be identical on a logarithmic chart.

Stock chart analysis can be applied equally to individual stocks and major indices. Analysts use their technical research on index charts to decide whether the current market is a BULL MARKET or a BEAR MARKET. On individual charts, investors and traders can learn the same thing about their favorite companies.

Here is an example of a simple chart for Google Inc. 

The chart shows you how Google's stock has performed over a period of one year. The vertical axis shows the price in USD and the horizontal axis shows time in months. The bars at the bottom show volume — the number of shares that changed hands each day.

Trends  

Use the stock chart to identify the current trend. A trend reflects the average rate of change in a stock's price over time. Trends exist in all time frames and all markets. Day traders can establish the trend of their stocks to within minutes. Long term investors watch trends that persist for many years.

Trends can be classified in three ways: UP, DOWN or RANGEBOUND.

In an uptrend, a stock rallies often with intermediate periods of consolidation or movement against the trend. In doing so, it draws a series of higher highs and higher lows on the stock chart. In an uptrend, there will be a POSITIVE rate of price change over time.

In a downtrend, a stock declines often with intermediate periods of consolidation or movement against the trend. In doing so, it draws a series of lower highs and lower lows on the stock chart. In a downtrend, there will be a NEGATIVE rate of price change over time.

Range bound price swings back and forth for long periods between easily seen upper and lower limits. There is no apparent direction to the price movement on the stock chart and there will be LITTLE or NO rate of price change.

Trends tend to persist over time. A stock in an uptrend will continue to rise until some change in value or conditions occurs. Declining stocks will continue to fall until some change in value or conditions occurs. Chart readers try to locate TOPS and BOTTOMS, which are those points where a rally or a decline ends. Taking a position near a top or a bottom can be very profitable.

Trends can be measured using TRENDLINES. Very often a straight line can be drawn UNDER three or more pullbacks from rallies or OVER pullbacks from declines. When price bars then return to that trendline, they tend to find SUPPORT or RESISTANCE and bounce off the line in the opposite direction.

A famous quote about trends advises that "The trend is your friend". For traders and investors, this wisdom teaches that you will have more success taking stock positions in the direction of the prevailing trend than against it.

Volume

Volume is one of the most important technical analysis tools to learn and understand how to apply to price movements. Volume is simply the total number of buyers and sellers exchanging shares over a given period of time, usually a day. Volume measures the participation of the crowd.

Volume increases every time a buyer and seller transact their stock or futures contract. If a buyer buys one share of stock from a seller, then that one share is added to the total volume of that particular stock.

Higher the volume, more active the share. The data regarding volume of a share will be readily available on your online trading screen. Most financial sites carry data about volume.

Stock charts display volume through individual HISTOGRAMS below the price pane. Often these will show green bars for up days and red bars for down days. Investors and traders can measure buying and selling interest by watching how many up or down days in a row occur and how their volume compares with days in which price moves in the opposite direction. For example if the Stocks volume for the day was 1,500,000 shares that means 1,500,000 shares were sold by someone and bought by someone on that day.

Volume as such may not be an attractive piece of information. But try to combine the volume data with support and resistance levels – you‘ll get the real picture.

For example – Say stock A ltd broke a ‘resistance level’ and went up further. Also since it broke through a critical level we would expect it to go up even more in the near future.

Now, let us also consider the volume traded on that day – say 3 lakh shares were exchanged. On a normal day 10 lakh shares are traded. That means, Volume was way below average for that day. So, all the big investors were not trading. They could come in the very next day and decide they are bearish on the stock. They sell and cause a panic. So the stock goes down the next day.

This is the importance of ‘volume’. Most traders will not buy a stock when it breaks a critical level unless volume is high. The reverse is also true. If a stock goes down with little volume it could mean the same thing. The majority of investors were not trading. When they come back they could see this stock and decide it is too low. So they buy it and the price goes up.

Volume has two major premises:

a) When prices rise or fall, an increase in volume is strong confirmation that the rise or fall in price is real and that the price movement had strength.

b) When prices rise or fall and there is a decrease in volume, then this is interpreted as being a weak price move, because the price move had very little strength and interest from traders. Stocks that are bought with greater interest than sold are said to be under ACCUMULATION. Stocks that are sold with great interest than bought are said to be under DISTRIBUTION. Accumulation and distribution often LEAD price movement. In other words, stocks under accumulation often will rise some time after the buying begins. Alternatively, stocks under distribution will often fall some time after selling begins. 

It takes volume for a stock to rise but it can fall of its own weight. Rallies require the enthusiastic participation of the crowd. When a rally runs out of new participants, a stock can easily fall. Investors and traders use indicators such as ON BALANCE VOLUME to see whether participation is lagging (behind) or leading (ahead) the price action. 

Stocks trade daily with an average volume that determines their LIQUIDITY. Liquid stocks are very easy for traders to buy and sell. Illiquid stocks require very high SPREADS (transaction costs) to buy or sell and often cannot be eliminated quickly from a portfolio. Stock chart analysis does not work well on illiquid stocks. 

Breakouts accompanied by volume much higher than the average for that stock are healthy for the continuation of the price movement in that direction. But after long rallies or declines, stocks often have a day of very high volume known as a CLIMAX. During these days, the last of the buyers or sellers take positions. The stock then reverses as there are no longer enough participants to cause price to move in that direction. 

In short, Volume is a critical factor in technical analysis. Any support and resistance level is not valid unless it is backed by adequate volume. Volume should move with the trend. If prices are moving in an upward trend, volume should increase (and vice versa). If the previous relationship between volume and price movements starts to deteriorate, it is usually a sign of weakness in the trend. For example, if the stock is in an uptrend but the up trading days are marked with lower volume, it is a sign that the trend is starting to lose its legs and may soon end. 

Patterns and Indicators

How can you organize the endless stream of stock chart data into a logical format that doesn't require rocket science to interpret? Charts allow investors and traders to look at past and present price action in order to make reasonable predictions and wise choices. It is a highly visual medium. This one fact separates it from the colder world of value-based analysis.

The stock chart activates both left-brain and right-brain functions of logic and creativity. So it's no surprise that over the last century two forms of analysis have developed that focus along these lines of critical examination.

The oldest form of interpreting charts is PATTERN ANALYSIS. This method gained popularity through both the writings of Charles Dow andTechnical Analysis of Stock Trends, a classic book written on the subject just after World War II. The newer form of interpretation is INDICATOR ANALYSIS, a math-oriented examination in which the basic elements of price and volume are run through a series of calculations in order to predict where price will go next.

Pattern analysis gains its power from the tendency of charts to repeat the same bar formations over and over again. These patterns have been categorized over the years as having a bullish or bearish bias. Some well-known ones include HEAD and SHOULDERS, TRIANGLES, RECTANGLES, DOUBLE TOPS, DOUBLE BOTTOMS and FLAGS. Also, chart landscape features such as GAPS and TRENDLINES are said to have great significance on the future course of price action.

Indicator analysis uses math calculations to measure the relationship of current price to past price action. Almost all indicators can be categorized as TREND-FOLLOWING or OSCILLATORS. Popular trend-following indicators include MOVING AVERAGES, ON BALANCE VOLUME and MACD. Common oscillators include STOCHASTICS, RSI and RATE OF CHANGE. Trend-following indicators react much more slowly than oscillators. They look deeply into the rear view mirror to locate the future. Oscillators react very quickly to short-term changes in price, flipping back and forth between OVERBOUGHT and OVERSOLD levels.

Both patterns and indicators measure market psychology. The core of investors and traders that make up the market each day tend to act with a herd mentality as price rises and falls. This "crowd" tends to develop known characteristics that repeat themselves over and over again. Chart interpretation using these two important analysis tools uncovers growing stress within the crowd that should eventually translate into price change.

Moving Averages 

The most popular technical indicator for studying stock charts is the MOVING AVERAGE. This versatile tool has many important uses for investors and traders.

Take the sum of any number of previous CLOSE prices and then divide it by that same number. This creates an average price for that stock in that period of time. A moving average can be displayed by recomputing this result daily and plotting it in the same graphic pane as the price bars. Moving averages LAG price. In other words, if price starts to move sharply upward or downward, it will take some time for the moving average to "catch up".  

Plotting moving averages in stock charts reveals how well current price is behaving as compared to the past. The power of the moving average line comes from its direct interaction with the price bars. Current price will always be above or below any moving average computation. When it is above, conditions are "bullish". When below, conditions are "bearish". Additionally, moving averages will slope upward or downward over time. This adds another visual dimension to a stock analysis. 

Moving averages define STOCK TRENDS. They can be computed for any period of time. Investors and traders find them most helpful when they provide input about the SHORT-TERM, INTERMEDIATE and LONG-TERM trends. For this reason, using multiple moving averages that reflect these characteristics assist important decision making. Common moving average settings for daily stock charts are: 20 days for short-term, 50 days for intermediate and 200 days for long-term. 

One of the most common buy or sell signals in all chart analysis is the MOVING AVERAGE CROSSOVER. These occur when two moving averages representing different trends criss-cross. For example, when a short-term average crosses BELOW a long-term one, a SELL signal is generated. Conversely, when a short-term crosses ABOVE the long-term, a BUY signal is generated. 

Moving averages can be "speeded up" through the application of further math calculations. Common averages are known as SIMPLE or SMA. These tend to be very slow. By giving more weight to the current changes in price rather than those many bars ago, a faster EXPONENTIAL or EMA moving average can be created. Many technicians favor the EMA over the SMA. Fortunately all common stock chart programs, online and offline, do the difficult moving average calculations for you and plot price perfectly. 

Below is an example of an uptrending stock. We buy breakouts only when the 50 day MA   (Green Line) is above the 200 day MA (Red Line)

We also want to make sure that the market index in which the stock is trading to be bullish. We know that Google (GOOG) is traded on the NASDAQ Below is a chart of the NASDAQ index. We can see that the 50 day MA is above the 200 day moving average.

Support and Resistance 
 

The concept of SUPPORT AND RESISTANCE is essential to understanding and interpreting stock charts. Just as a ball bounces when it hits the floor or drops after being thrown to the ceiling, support and resistance define natural boundaries for rising and falling prices.

Buyers and sellers are constantly in battle mode. Support defines that level where buyers are strong enough to keep price from falling further. Resistance defines that level where sellers are too strong to allow price to rise further. Support and resistance play different roles in uptrends and downtrends. In an uptrend, support is where a pullback from a rally should end. In a downtrend, resistance is where a pullback from a decline should end.

Support and resistance are created because price has memory.Those prices where significant buyers or sellers entered the market in the past will tend to generate a similar mix of participants when price again returns to that level.

When price pushes above resistance, it becomes a new support level. When price falls below support, that level becomes resistance. When a level of support or resistance is penetrated, price tends to thrust forward sharply as the crowd notices the BREAKOUT and jumps in to buy or sell. When a level is penetrated but does not attract a crowd of buyers or sellers, it often falls back below the old support or resistance. This failure is known as a FALSE BREAKOUT.

Support and resistance come in all varieties and strengths. They most often manifest as horizontal price levels. But trendlines at various angles represent support and resistance as well. The length of time that a support or resistance level exists determines the strength or weakness of that level. The strength or weakness determines how much buying or selling interest will be required to break the level. Also, the greater volume traded at any level, the stronger that level will be.

Support and resistance exist in all time frames and all markets. Levels in longer time frames are stronger than those in shorter time frames.

First Step of Technical Analysis

The First Step

Technical Analysis Step 1: Learn to read the charts
 
The first step to technical analysis is to learn how to read charts. There are many types of charts but they are generally similar. The most basic and commonly used one is the candlestick chart.
 
As shown below, each candlestick represents a specific time frame. If you have chosen a 30-minute time frame, then each candlestick will depict the trading activities within a 30-minute period. If you have chosen a day as the base time frame, then each candlestick will represent the transactions within the day.
 
As a technical analyst you need to study the following data:
 
· Price – Present & Historical
· Volume – Present & Historical
· Market Breadth – Present & Historical
 
If you don’t know where to start from then take help of an advisor or friend who practices this art. A lot of material is available online and a lot of good books are available too. It’s worth investing few bucks and hours in learning this art.
 
A black candle refers to a drop in price, meaning that the closing price is lower than the opening price. A white or unfilled candle refers to a rise in price, meaning that the closing price is higher than the opening price.
 
The horizontal lines at the top and bottom of the candlestick represent the opening or closing price, while the vertical lines that extend from above and below the real body are the highest and lowest traded prices within the set time frame respectively.
 
The candlestick patterns can be used to indicate when a market trend starts to reverse. If we can predict in advance when an upward trend will reverse, we can profit by going short in the market as early as possible. Similarly, if we can forecast that a downward trend is about to stabilize and rebound, we can grab this great opportunity to go long in the market. Candlestick patterns can also be used to determine whether the current trends will continue. Once you are able to master these patterns, you will be able to trade according to the trends. This will give you a lot of confidence to hold your positions or even add positions to earn bigger profits.
 
Technical Analysis Step 2: Learn to spot trends
 
Spotting the trend
 
The second step in technical analysis is to learn how to draw trend lines, as well as resistance and support positions. Using technical analysis it’s easy to find what’s the general trend of the market? It’s always beneficial to know if the market is in uptrend or downtrend.
 
Support position is the price position which is supported by buyers. When price falls and approaches the support position, it will tend to rebound. Resistance position is the price position where there will be tremendous selling pressure. When price rises and approaches the resistance position, it will tend to retrace. The support and resistance positions are usually determined using trend lines. Alternatively, you can also use other technical indicators such as Fibonacci lines, moving averages and Bollinger bands.
 
Drawing Trend Lines
 
In an upward trend, choose two ascending low points and join them to make an upward trend line. In a downward trend, choose two descending high points and join them to create a downward trend line. In order to improve the accuracy of the trend lines in predicting future market movements, we will filter away those trend lines that are not good enough, leaving behind those that will be useful for our analysis.
 
A trend line must undergo a series of tests before it can be considered useful and effective. Those that fail to meet these stringent criteria should be discarded.
 
First, the existence of a trend must be verified. An upward trend must have two consecutive ascending lows while a downward trend must have two consecutive descending highs. Only then a trend can be considered real and the straight line that joins the two points can be called a trend line.
 
Next, after the trend line is drawn, a third point must be identified to verify that the line is an effective one. In general, the more points a trend line touches, the more effective it is and the more accurate it will be in predicting future movement.
 
In addition, we must continue to adjust a trend line based on subsequent market situations. For example, when an exchange rate breaks below an upward trend line but then quickly rebounds to move above it, the analyst must redraw the trend line from the first low point to the new low point or try to produce a more effective line using the second low point and the new low point.
 
Finding support and resistance
 
Once you are sure of the trend of market, the next step is to find out the right entry and exit point with respect to specific stocks. Let’s say, you like a particular stock A and you want to buy it. Technical analysis suggests that you should not blindly invest in the stock. You should first try to find out what’s the best price at which you can get it. If you are ready to make your hands dirty, you can very easily find out the support price of the stock. In a volatile market, it’s very common for stocks to test their support prices. Just wait for few sessions and you will get a chance to enter the stock round its support price. Similarly, you can find the best price at which you should get out of a position which is the resistance of a stock. You can buy at support and sell at resistance to keep things simple. Ride this sine wave of support and resistance to reap great rewards.
 
Buy and hold policy will play for you if you are in up trending market. Keep on sniffing for the start of the downtrend as that’s the right time you book profit and be cash rich. Once the downtrend is over, you can again enter the market and ride it till the top. As the market is very volatile these days, you will get many chances of entry and exit. So, be patient and enjoy the capital appreciation.
 
Conclusion
 
Using technical analysis one can find answers to the following questions
 
1. When to enter the market.
2. Which stock to buy and at what price.
3. When to book profit .
4. Which stock to get out from so as to minimize loss.
 
Answers to above questions are a sure shot way of being successful in stock market. So, it’s better to roll our sleeves up and be ready to learn the art of Technical Analysis and mind you, it’s not as tough and confusing as it sounds.

Types of Stock Charts

Stock charts for investors are like the horses for the cowboy. The cowboy couldn't do without his horse,. The investor can't do without his/her chart. 

Stock charts are the foundation of technical analysis to the extent that technical analysts use charts almost exclusively. Stock charts provide a graphical representation that depicts price action and market data of the underlying security in a structured format. To the skilled chart reader, it provides an insight to the psychology of traders and balance of buying and selling pressure at that point in time and makes the recognition of trend lines and chart patterns possible.

Modern software have made charting a very simple practice and allowed technical analysts to quickly shift between time frames and to quickly apply a range of indicatorsto a price chart. However, there are different types of charts that can be used in technical analysis.

On this page you'll learn about the three most common types of price charts and how to read them.

We're going to look at four different stock charts. They are identical in that they all represent the price history for the same stock over the same time period. Notice how different they look.

There are four main types of charts that are used by investors and traders in order to determine the Trend of the Stocks.. The chart types are:  

1.the line chart,  

2.the bar chart,  

3.the candlestick chart and  

4.the point and figure chart.

In this section we have introduced how these charts are formed.

With the exception of point and figure charts, which only plots a price change when a new high or low is made, all charts plot price action for a specific duration of time, which is called the time-frame on a graph with the time on the horizontal axis and the price levels on the vertical axis. However, each type of chart plots price action differently, and displays different information about the price action in a given time-frame.

Bar charts and candlestick charts are widely used, followed by line charts. However,Point and Figure charts are not as widely used as they do not plot price action over a given time-frame. They also do not keep track of volume levels. For these reasons, oscillators and moving averages that are dependent on a fixed time-frame cannot be used on Point and Figure charts.

1. Line Charts

The Line Chart (above) shows a line interconnecting dots representing the closing price for each time period. In this case the time period is 13 days.

A line chart is the most basic and simplest type of stock charts that are used in technical analysis, because it represents only the closing prices over a set period of time. The line is formed by connecting the closing prices over the time frame. Line charts do not provide visual information of the trading range for the individual points such as the high, low and opening prices. However, the closing price is often considered to be the most important price in stock data compared to the high and low for the day and this is why it is the only value used in line charts.

The line chart is also called a close-only chart as it plots the closing price of the underlying security, with a line connecting the dots formed by the close price. In a line chart the price data for the underlying security is plotted on a graph with the time plotted from left to right along the horizontal axis, or the x-axis and price levels plotted from the bottom up along the vertical axis, or the y-axis. The price data used in line charts is usually the close price of the underlying security.

The uncluttered simplicity of the line chart is its greatest strength as it provides a clean, easily recognizable, visual display of the price movement. This makes it an ideal tool for use in identifying the dominant support and resistance levels, trend lines, and certain chart patterns.

However, the line chart does not indicate the highs and lows and, hence, they do not indicate the price range for the session. Despite this, line charts were the charting technique favored by Charles Dow who was only interested in the level at which the price closed. This, Dow felt, is the most important price data of the session or trading period as it determined that period's unrealized profit or loss.

Line charts or close-only charts are still favored by numerous traders who agree the closing price is the most important data and are not concerned with the noise created price spikes and minor price movements, or the speculation that characterizes the start of the trading session.

2. Bar Charts ( OHLC and HLC )

The conventional bar chart (above) with the green and red full length vertical bars is seldom used, so we won't talk anymore about that one.

The OHLC Bar Chart.

The OHLC Chart (above) shows vertical lines, one for each day. The little line protruding from the left side of each bar is the opening price for that day. The little line protruding from the right side of each bar is the closing price for that day. The top of the bar represents the high price for that day. The bottom of the bar represents the low price for that day. In this case, you'll also notice that the vertical bars are either green or red dependent on whether it was an up day or a down day. This color feature is often not present with OHLC bar charts.

Bar charts are one of the most popular forms of stock charts and are probably the most widely used charts. Bar charts are drawn on a graph that plots time on the horizontal axis and price levels on the vertical axis.

The bar chart expands on the line chart by adding several more key pieces of information to each data point. The chart is made up of a series of vertical lines that represent each data point.

The chart consists of a series of vertical bars that indicate various price data for each time-frame on the chart. The close and open are represented on the vertical line by a horizontal dash. This data can be either the open price, the high price, the low price and the close price, making it an OHLC bar chart, or the high price, the low price and the close price, making it an HLC bar chart. 

The opening price on a bar chart is illustrated by the dash that is located on the left side of the vertical bar. Conversely, the close is represented by the dash on the right.

Generally, if the left dash (open) is lower than the right dash (close) then the bar will be shaded black, representing an up period for the stock, which means it has gained value.

A bar that is colored red signals that the stock has gone down in value over that period. When this is the case, the dash on the right (close) is lower than the dash on the left (open). 

The height of each OHLC and HLC bar indicates the price range for that period with the high at the top of the bar and the low at the bottom of the bar.

The extra information is one of the reasons why the OHLC charts are more popular than HLC charts. In addition, some charting applications use colors to indicate bullish or bearishness of a bar in relation to the close of the previous bar. This makes the OHLC bar chart quite similar to the candlestick chart, except that the OHLC chart does not indicate bullishness or bearishness of the period of one bar as clearly as the candlestick chart (the color of an OHLC bar is always in relation to the close of the pervious bar rather than the open and close of the current bar).

Most bar charts contain a lower pane that plots the total volume traded during a particular period. This part of the chart has a separate scale on the vertical axis to illustrate volume levels. It too consists of typical vertical bars.

3. Candlestick Charts

The next chart we'll look at is the Candlestick Chart.

The Candlestick Chart provides more of a graphic image for that period of time, in this case one day per candlestick. Candlesticks with green bodies represent days in which the price moved up (i.e. the closing price was higher than the opening price).

The next chart is the same Candlestick Chart with labels identifying the various elements of the candlestick symbol.

On an day in which the price moved up, the top of the body is the closing price and the bottom of the body is the opening price. The top of the wick is the high price for the day. The bottom of the wick is the low price for the day. If there is no wick, then the closing price is the same as the high price for the day. If there is no tail, then the opening price is the same as the low price for the day.

Candles with red bodies represent days in which the price moved down (i.e. the closing price was lower than the opening price). On top of the candlestick is a wick.

Candlestick charts are probably the most widely used of the stock charts by experienced investors. Even though these charts might look a little strange to the beginner, they more readily communicate trading action for the experienced investor.

Note: Different stock charting services use different color coding schemes for up days and down days. They may also use different terms than wick and tail. Regardless, they all represent the same thing.

Candlesticks patterns are based on candlestick charts and are recurring chart patterns that consist of only a few candlestick, usually in the region of one to four candlesticks. Because candlesticks give an indication of strength and weakness of the current price movement, the candlestick patterns tend provide clearer indications of the probability of a possible trend reversals than any of the other chart types.

The candlestick chart is similar to a bar chart, but it differs in the way that it is visually constructed. Similar to the bar chart, the candlestick also has a thin vertical line showing the period’s trading range. The difference comes in the formation of a wide bar on the vertical line, which illustrates the difference between the open and close.

And, like bar charts, candlesticks also rely heavily on the use of colors to explain what has happened during the trading period. A major problem with the candlestick color configuration, however, is that different sites use different standards; therefore, it is important to understand the candlestick configuration used at the chart site you are working with. There are two color constructs for days up and one for days that the price falls. When the price of the stock is up and closes above the opening trade, the candlestick will usually be white or clear.

If the stock has traded down for the period, then the candlestick will usually be red or black, depending on the site. If the stock’s price has closed above the previous day’s close but below the day’s open, the candlestick will be black or filled with the color that is used to indicate an up day.

Candlestick patterns can be both bullish and bearish, depending on where they occur on the chart and where they occur within an existing trend. They can also be trend reversal or continuation patterns. The reliability of a candlestick pattern depends on the location of the pattern within the price chart, in terms of where it appears in an existing trend, and in relation to possible support and resistance lines, or other trend lines or pivot points.

The time-frame of the chart is also of importance as candlestick patterns on short time-frame, intraday charts tend to be less reliable than patterns on charts of a longer time-frame. Another possible consideration in determining the reliability of a candlestick pattern is the volume traded when the candlestick pattern is formed. If the pattern is formed on low volume, the pattern tends to be less reliable.

There are literally hundreds of candlestick patterns but not all of them appear with great regularity, and not all of them have a high degree of reliability and profitability. The more commonly occurring candlestick patterns include the a) engulfing pattern,

b) the harami,

c) hanging man and

d) hammer patterns,

e) doji or star patterns, and

f) the tweezers pattern.

We will focus more on the commonly occurring and high probability candlestick patterns than the more obscure patterns.

The Candlestick chart patterns, tends to increase the profitability of trading and is one of the key reasons why candlestick charts have become rather popular in recent years, especially among short-term traders.

4. Point and Figure Charts

Point and Figure (P&F) charts date back to at least 1880's and differ from other stock charts as it does not plot price movement from left to right within fixed time intervals.

The point and figure chart is not well known or used by the average investor but it has had a long history of use dating back to the first technical traders. This type of chart reflects price movements and is not as concerned about time and volume in the formulation of the points.

The point and figure chart removes the noise, or insignificant price movements, in the stock, which can distort traders’ views of the price trends. These types of charts also try to neutralize the skewing effect that time has on chart analysis.

When first looking at a point and figure chart, you will notice a series of Xs and Os. It represent increases in price by plotting X's in the column and  decreases in price by plotting O's. The Xs represent upward price trends and the Os represent downward price trends. Each X and O represents a box of a set size or price amount.

There are also numbers and letters in the chart; these represent months, and give investors an idea of the date. Each box on the chart represents the price scale, which adjusts depending on the price of the stock: the higher the stock’s price the more each box represents.

This box size determines how far the price must move before another X or O is added to the chart, depending on the direction of the price movement. Thus if the box size is set at 15, the price must move 15 points above the previous box before the next X or O is plotted. Any movement below 15 is ignored.

It also does not plot the volume traded. Instead it plots unidirectional price movements in one vertical column and moves to the next column when the price changes direction.

On most charts where the price is between $20 and $100, a box represents $1, or 1 point for the stock. The chart also has a box reversal amount that determines how many boxes must occur in the opposite direction before it is seen as a reversal.

Only once the price is seen as having reversed is a new column started. In a 3 box reversal requires the price to move three boxes (of 45 points if each box represents 15 points) against the current direction before it is seen as a reversal.

This is usually set at three but it can also be set according to the chartist’s discretion. The reversal criteria set how much the price has to move away from the high or low in the price trend to create a new trend or, in other words, how much the price has to move in order for a column of Xs to become a column of Os, or vice versa. When the price trend has moved from one trend to another, it shifts to the right, signaling a trend change.

For this reason, very little plotting occurs during stagnant market conditions while a considerable amount of plotting may occur during volatile market conditions.

Some traders argue that P & F charts are one of the best charting techniques for accurately determining entry and exit signals as they present a clear indication of support and resistance lines, as well as clear trend lines. P&F charts also trace its own set of price patterns, such as the fulcrum, the saucer, and the V base.

Conclusion

Charts are one of the most fundamental aspects of technical analysis. It is important that you clearly understand what is being shown on a chart and the information that it provides. Now that we have an idea of how charts are constructed, we can move on to the different types of chart patterns. Most of the traders are using Candlestick Patterns to predict the market movements but it’s all about depend on your comfortable level.

Types of Charts

CANDLESTICK CHART :

Although Candlestick charts were created in Japan are on record as being the oldest type of charts, dating back to the 1700's, when they were used for predicting rice prices, that are still used today in modern trading.

More significantly, candlesticks are fairly easy to read with a little practice and offer a wealth of information in a chart. Each plot point on a candlestick chart consists of a rectangular shaped body (think of it as the candle) with a vertical line (the wick) extending from both the top and bottom parts.

The candlestick chart is similar to a bar chart, but it differs in the way that it is visually constructed. Similar to the bar chart, the candlestick also has a thin vertical line showing the period's trading range. The difference comes in the formation of a wide bar on the vertical line, which illustrates the difference between the open and close.
And, like bar charts, candlesticks also rely heavily on the use of colors to explain what has happened during the trading period. A major problem with the candlestick color configuration, however, is that different sites use different standards; therefore, it is important to understand the candlestick configuration used at the chart site you are working with.

There are two color constructs for days up and one for days that the price falls. Candlesticks are colored and typically a dark candle indicates a downward movement while a light one shows that the stock moved upwards.

When the price of the stock is up and closes above the opening trade, the candlestick will usually be white or clear. If the stock has traded down for the period, then the candlestick will usually be red or black, depending on the site. If the stock's price has closed above the previous day's close but below the day's open, the candlestick will be black or filled with the color that is used to indicate an up day.

Each candlestick can be read to learn about the stock’s highest and lowest prices as well as its opening and closing prices.

The candlestick charts have become very popular among traders as they compress all important information such as the session's open, high, low, and close into a space-efficient symbol called candlestick.

In the West, often black or red candle bodies represent a close lower than the open, while white, green or blue candles represent a close higher than the open price.
 
LINE CHART :

Of all the available chart types, the Line chart is the simplest one. It is plotted by obtaining the opening and closing price of the stock for each segment of the time frame. The line is formed by connecting the closing prices over the time frame.

The closing price is especially important to many traders who use line charts since it helps to keep out the distractions of minor fluctuations that occurred during the time segment.

This is the simplest form of chart available to the technical analyst with time presented along the X-axis and price on the Y-axis. The actual time function that you plot will depend on your position in the market - a market maker will be interested in price fluctuations on a minute-by-minute basis, whilst the average investor will only be interested in a price on a daily or even weekly basis. Any price may be plotted on a line chart, but the most common is the closing, mid-price.

The largest benefit to the analyst of drawing line charts are their simplicity. They present an uncluttered picture of price movements and are very easy to understand.

Line charts are also used when there is not enough data provided for a certain stock. This lack of data can also make it difficult for traders to predict the stock’s future movements.

Line charts do not provide visual information of the trading range for the individual points such as the high, low and opening prices.

However, the closing price is often considered to be the most important price in stock data compared to the high and low for the day and this is why it is the only value used in line charts.

OHLC CHART :

The Open-high-low-close chart (OHLC charts, also known as bar charts) expands on the line chart by adding several more key pieces of information to each data point. Unlike line charts, bar charts plot price data by using a series of vertical bars with a horizontal line intersecting each one on the graph. Each vertical bar corresponds to the price changes during the chosen time period.

The chart is made up of a series of vertical bars that represent each data point. This vertical bar represents the high and low for the trading period, along with the closing price.

The close and open are represented on the vertical bar by a horizontal dash. The opening price on a bar chart is illustrated by the dash that is located on the left side of the vertical bar. Conversely, the close is represented by the dash on the right.

Generally, if the left dash (open) is lower than the right dash (close) then the bar will be shaded black, representing an up period for the stock, which means it has gained value.

A bar that is colored red signals that the stock has gone down in value over that period. When this is the case, the dash on the right (close) is lower than the dash on the left (open).

This style of displaying data offers a little more information to traders than line charts, which can be far more helpful when predicting future trends.

Many analysts look for patterns in bar charts to make an educated guess as to how the market is going to move.

A bar chart shows at least three pieces of information: the high, the low and the closing price for each time interval. Some bar charts also contain a fourth piece of price information, the opening price. Each time interval (that is, day, week, or five-minutes) is represented by one bar.

Each bar represents one day's price action. Just as with the line chart, price data is placed on the vertical axis, and time is measured on the horizontal axis. A vertical line shows the trading range for that day. A longer line denotes a wider trading range during the day. Likewise, a short bar means that the spread between the highest price during the day and the lowest price during the day was small. A small tick mark on the right side of the bar indicates the closing price for the day. If the opening price for the day is recorded on the bar chart, it is represented by a small tick mark to the left side of the bar.

POINT AND FIGURE CHART :
 
Point and figure charts are one of the great secrets of the Technical Analysis world. Highly sophisticated and with a thoroughbred pedigree, they can, however, be overlooked by traders today.

The point and figure chart is not well known or used by the average investor but it has had a long history of use dating back to the first technical traders. This type of chart reflects price movements and is not as concerned about time and volume in the formulation of the points.

Charting the price action by Point & Figure charts (P&F charts) is a very effective method to know the true picture of the market trend by avoiding the market noises or insignificant moves in the stock, which can distort traders' views of the price trends. These types of charts also try to neutralize the skewing effect that time has on chart analysis.
 
When first looking at a point and figure chart, you will notice a series of Xs and Os. The Xs represent upward price trends and the Os represent downward price trends. There are also numbers and letters in the chart; these represent months, and give investors an idea of the date. Each box on the chart represents the price scale, which adjusts depending on the price of the stock: the higher the stock's price the more each box represents.

On most charts where the price is between $20 and $100, a box represents $1, or 1 point for the stock. The other critical point of a point and figure chart is the reversal criteria. This is usually set at three but it can also be set according to the chartist's discretion. The reversal criteria set how much the price has to move away from the high or low in the price trend to create a new trend or, in other words, how much the price has to move in order for a column of Xs to become a column of Os, or vice versa. When the price trend has moved from one trend to another, it shifts to the right, signaling a trend change.

In today’s world the information availability is very easy. Be it the fundamental factors which affect the financial market or the actual ongoing price data at every moment. Getting hold of the information is not an issue, what is important is how do we organize the various bits and pieces and process those to analyze the same in a meaningful way.

In speculative trading markets the prices change every moment but every move of the price is not important. here is a lot of movement and insignificant spike in the price-action which can be ignored simply ignored as meaningless. Point & Figure charting helps us in doing that in a very effective way.

KAGI CHART :

Kagi charts are price charts with thick and thin vertical lines connected by short horizontal lines. Just like P&F charts, Kagi charts only add a new vertical line when prices have reversed enough to cancel the current uptrend or downtrend. Until such a reversal occurs, a Kagi chart will only move up (or down) in its current column. Kagi charts do not have constantly spaced time axes. Here is an example of a Kagi chart:

The word "Kagi" comes from the Japanese art of woodblock printing. A kagi or "key" is the L-shaped guide in a woodblock that a printer used to line up the paper for printing. Because of this, Kagi charts are sometimes referred to as "Key charts." Kagi charts were popularized by Steve Nison in his book Beyond Candlesticks.

The thickness of the Kagi line changes depending on price action. The thick line is called the yang line and the thin line is called the yin line. The locations where the line changed from moving higher to moving lower are called "shoulders" and the locations where the line changed from moving lower to moving higher are called "waists". Whenever a yin (thin) line moves above the previous shoulder, it turns into a yang (thick) line. Similarly, whenever a yang line moves below the previous waist, it turns into a yin line.

The Kagi line will continue to move up (or down) until prices reverse by a specified amount. When that happens, a short horizontal line is added as well as a new vertical line which extends to the new closing price. There are several ways to specify the reversal amount - in absolute points, as a percentage, or by using the Average True Range of recent prices.

Concepts of Technical Analysis

Resistance 


Resistance is the price level at which selling is thought to be strong enough to prevent the price from rising further. A resistance level is the opposite of a support level. It is where the price tends to find resistance as it is going up. 


If the market was up on a given day, a common interpretation is there were more buyers than sellers, pushing prices higher. However, every buy has a matching sell and every sell has a matching buy. So how can we make sense of “more buyers than sellers”? It is not really the number of buyers or sellers, but rather their level of aggressiveness in reaching an acceptable price level. 

If buyers aggressively bid on stocks, the price will increase, even though the number of buyers and sellers are equal. If buyers are willing to pay higher prices, prices go up. On the other hand, if sellers are more forceful in selling and will accept lower and lower prices as they sell, the forcefulness of the sellers will override the interest of the buyers, and prices will fall.


The logic dictates that as the price advances towards resistance, sellers become more inclined to sell and buyers become less inclined to buy. By the time the price reaches the resistance level, it is believed that supply will overcome demand and prevent the price from rising above resistance.
This means the price is more likely to "bounce" off this level rather than break through it. 


Support and resistance are price areas of a stock chart (or other security chart) which may indicate where a stock’s price may hesitate and continue sideways or where a price reversal may occur. Let’s look at each of these in more detail.

Support 

Support is the price level at which demand is thought to be strong enough to prevent the price from declining further. Support levels are areas defined by highs and lows within a stock's trading history. The true definition is an area of congestions or recent lows below the current market price.


A support level is a price level where the price tends to find support as it is going down. This means the price is more likely to "bounce" off this level rather than break through it. 


The logic dictates that as the price declines towards support and gets cheaper, buyers become more inclined to buy and sellers become less inclined to sell. By the time the price reaches the support level, it is believed that demand will overcome supply and prevent the price from falling below support.
However, once the price has passed this level, by an amount exceeding some noise, it is likely to continue dropping until it finds another support level.

Trend Line

Technical analysis is built on the assumption that prices trend. Trend Lines are an important tool in technical analysis for both trend identification and confirmation. 

Overall Trend: The first step is to identify the overall trend. This can be accomplished with trend lines, moving averages or peak/trough analysis. As long as the price remains above its uptrend line, selected moving averages or previous lows, the trend will be considered bullish.


Trend lines are a simple and widely used technical analysis approach to judging entry and exit investment timing. A trend line is a bounding line for the price movement of a security. A trend line is a straight line that connects two or more price points and then extends into the future to act as a line of support or resistance. 


A trend line is formed when a diagonal line can be drawn between two or more price pivot points. They are commonly used to judge entry and exit investment timing when trading securities.[1] It can also be referred to as a dutch line as it was first used in Holland.


A support trend line is formed when a securities price decreases and then rebounds at a pivot point that aligns with at least two previous support pivot points. Similarly a resistance trend line is formed when a securities price increases and then rebounds at a pivot point that aligns with at least two previous resistance pivot points.

Many of the principles applicable to support and resistance levels can be applied to trend lines as well. It is important that you understand all of the concepts presented in our Support and Resistance article before you continue. 
To establish a trend line historical data, typically presented in the format of a chart such as the above price chart, is required. Historically, trend lines have been drawn by hand on paper charts, but it is now more common to use charting software that enables trend lines to be drawn on computer based charts. There are some charting software that will automatically generate trend lines, however most traders prefer to draw their own trend lines.


When establishing trend lines it is important to choose a chart based on a price interval period that aligns with your trading strategy. Short term traders tend to use charts based on interval periods, such as 1 minute (i.e. the price of the security is plotted on the chart every 1 minute), with longer term traders using price charts based on hourly, daily, weekly and monthly interval periods.


Trend lines are typically used with price charts, however they can also be used with a range of technical analysis charts such as MACD and RSI. Trend lines can be used to identify positive and negative trending charts, whereby a positive trending chart forms an up sloping line when the support and the resistance pivots points are aligned, and a negative trending chart forms a down sloping line when the support and resistance pivot points are aligned.

Trend lines are used in many ways by traders. If a stock price is moving between support and resistance trend lines, then a basic investment strategy commonly used by traders, is to buy a stock at support and sell at resistance, then short at resistance and cover the short at support. The logic behind this, is that when the price returns to an existing principal trend line it may be an opportunity to open new positions in the direction of the trend, in the belief that the trend line will hold and the trend will continue further. A second way is that when price action breaks through the principal trend line of an existing trend, it is evidence that the trend may be going to fail, and a trader may consider trading in the opposite direction to the existing trend, or exiting positions in the direction of the trend.


Breakout

A price movement through an identified level of support or resistance, which is usually followed by heavy volume and increased volatility. 

A breakout is when prices pass through and stay through an area of support or resistance. On the technical analysis chart a break out occurs when price of a stock or commodity exits an area pattern. 


Traders will buy the underlying asset when the price breaks above a level of resistance and sell when it breaks below support. 


Market Trend 

Identifying trends is important. But how do you spot a trend? It's difficult, as the market never moves in a straight line. A stock will never fall continuously on a given day and rise on another. "Generally, higher highs and higher lows indicate an uptrend, whereas lower highs and lower lows mean a downtrend," says Shrikant Chouhan, senior vice president, technical research, Kotak Securities.

"Look at the trend. Look at news related to the stock," says Chouhan. For example, if the rupee is falling against the US dollar, it's common knowledge that technology companies will gain.


A market trend is a tendency of a financial market to move in a particular direction over time.[1] These trends are classified as secular for long time frames, primary for medium time frames, and secondary for short time frames.[2] Traders identify market trends using technical analysis, a framework which characterizes market trends as predictable price tendencies within the market when price reaches support and resistance levels, varying over time.

The terms bull market and bear market describe upward and downward market trends, respectively,[3] and can be used to describe either the market as a whole or specific sectors and securities.[2]

Analysts and market experts take the help of various parameters to confirm if a stock is a trade pick. The most used are available in any technical analysis software. These include 200-day moving average, relative strength index, moving average convergence divergence, or MACD, Fibonacci retracement and candle stick price chart. The terms may sound daunting, but software available nowadays makes technical analysis easy.


You'v­e seen movies in which frantic stock traders are buying a thousand shares of a hot stock or dumping shares of a plummeting stock. You've seen commercials for brokerage firms that claim to have exciting prospects and strong portfolios. And you've probably heard a hundred different ways to predict the rise and fall of the stock market.


How do these traders and firms predict which shares will hit big? How do they know when to sell?


The truth is there is no magical way to predict the stock market. Many issues affect rises and falls in share prices, whether gradual changes or sharp spikes. The best way to understand how the market fluctuates is to study trends.


In this article we will discuss stock market trends, which help investors identify what stocks to buy and when. Keeping track of upswings and downswings over the history of individual stocks, as well as being aware of market-wide trends, helps investors plan buying and selling.


Many­ factors affect prices in the stock market, including inflation, interest rates, energy prices, oil prices and international issues, such as war, crime, fraud and political unrest.


Sudden rises or drops in stock prices are often called spikes. Spikes are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to predict. Stock market trends are like the behavior of a person. After you study how a person reacts to different situations, you can make predictions about how that person will react to an event. Similarly, recognizing a trend in the stock market or in an individual stock will enable you to choose the best times to buy and sell.


Dead Cat Bounce

In finance, a dead cat bounce is a small, brief recovery in the price of a declining stock.[1] Derived from the idea that "even a dead cat will bounce if it falls from a great height", the phrase, which originated on Wall Street, is also popularly applied to any case where a subject experiences a brief resurgence during or following a severe decline.


Extremely volatile markets create an environment for the formation of a very specific type of technical price pattern. The “Dead Cat Bounce” pattern (DCB) may have a macabre name but it comes with very nice profit potential and is relatively easy to identify.


At its heart the DCB is a great study in investor psychology. It occurs when investors have panicked or have been caught by surprise which is why the pattern occurs most frequently in bearish and volatile markets.


Investor psychology comes into play because traders are likely to become fearful at the same price levels that they have been fearful before. We use the DCB to identify those price levels for potential breakouts.


The pattern consists of a gap during a downtrend when prices have moved between the close of one day and the open of the next trading day. The larger the gap is the more significance technicians will assign to the pattern. The gap is typically created by unexpected news appearing after or before normal market hours.


The gaps indicates that traders have “overreacted” to the data, the stock is likely to become oversold at some point and will begin to retrace back towards the gap. The top and bottom of the gap will act as resistance barriers and if the market or stock peels off of these resistance levels, the subsequent decline can be quite significant.

The rally back towards the gap is a good example of a bull trap and the final decline that completes the pattern can be larges and fast as a feedback loop of stop losses push more sellers into the market.

Elliot Wave Principle

The Elliott wave principle is a form of technical analysis that some traders use to analyze financial market cycles and forecast market trends by identifying extremes in investor psychology, highs and lows in prices, and other collective factors. 

Ralph Nelson Elliott (1871–1948), a professional accountant, discovered the underlying social principles and developed the analytical tools in the 1930s. He proposed that market prices unfold in specific patterns, which practitioners today call Elliott waves, or simply waves. Elliott published his theory of market behavior in the book The Wave Principle in 1938, summarized it in a series of articles in Financial World magazine in 1939, and covered it most comprehensively in his final major work, Nature’s Laws: The Secret of the Universe in 1946. 


Elliott stated that "because man is subject to rhythmical procedure, calculations having to do with his activities can be projected far into the future with a justification and certainty heretofore unattainable." [1] The empirical validity of the Elliott Wave Principle remains the subject of debate.


Fibonacci Retracements


In finance, Fibonacci retracements is a method of technical analysis for determining support and resistance levels. They are named after their use of the Fibonacci sequence. Fibonacci retracement is based on the idea that markets will retrace a predictable portion of a move, after which they will continue to move in the original direction.


The appearance of retracement can be ascribed to ordinary price volatility as described by Burton Malkiel, a Princeton economist in his book A Random Walk Down Wall Street, who found no reliable predictions in technical analysis methods taken as a whole. Malkiel argues that asset prices typically exhibit signs of random walk and that one cannot consistently outperform market averages. Fibonacci retracement is created by taking two extreme points on a chart and dividing the vertical distance by the key Fibonacci ratios. 0.0% is considered to be the start of the retracement, while 100.0% is a complete reversal to the original part of the move. Once these levels are identified, horizontal lines are drawn and used to identify possible support and resistance levels.


Pivot point

A pivot point is a price level of significance in technical analysis of a financial market that is used by traders as a predictive indicator of market movement. 

A pivot point is calculated as an average of significant prices (high, low, close) from the performance of a market in the prior trading period. If the market in the following period trades above the pivot point it is usually evaluated as a bullish sentiment, whereas trading below the pivot point is seen as bearish.
Monthly pivot point chart of the Dow Jones Industrial Average for the first 8 months of 2009, showing sets of first and second levels of resistance (green) and support (red). The pivot point levels are highlighted in yellow. Trading below the pivot point, particularly at the beginning of a trading period sets a bearish market sentiment and often results in further price decline, while trading above it, bullish price action may continue for some time.
It is customary to calculate additional levels of support and resistance, below and above the pivot point, respectively, by subtracting or adding price differentials calculated from previous trading ranges of the market.


A pivot point and the associated support and resistance levels are often turning points for the direction of price movement in a market. In an up-trending market, the pivot point and the resistance levels may represent a ceiling level in price above which the uptrend is no longer sustainable and a reversal may occur. In a declining market, a pivot point and the support levels may represent a low price level of stability or a resistance to further decline.[1]


Dow Theory

The Dow theory on stock price movement is a form of technical analysis that includes some aspects of sector rotation. The theory was derived from 255 Wall Street Journal editorials written by Charles H. Dow (1851–1902), journalist, founder and first editor of the Wall Street Journal and co-founder of Dow Jones and Company. Following Dow's death, William Peter Hamilton, Robert Rhea and E. George Schaefer organized and collectively represented Dow theory, based on Dow's editorials. Dow himself never used the term Dow theory nor presented it as a trading system.


Average true range


Average true range (ATR) is a technical analysis volatility indicator originally developed by J. Welles Wilder, Jr. for commodities.[1] The indicator does not provide an indication of price trend, simply the degree of price volatility.[2][3] The average true range is an N-day exponential moving average of the true range values. Wilder recommended a 14-period smoothing.[4]


Chart pattern

A Price pattern is a pattern that is formed within a chart when prices are graphed. In stock and commodity markets trading, chart pattern studies play a large role during technical analysis. When data is plotted there is usually a pattern which naturally occurs and repeats over a period. Chart patterns are used as either reversal or continuation signals.


Some people[who?] claim that by recognizing chart patterns they are able to predict future stock prices and profit by this prediction; other people respond by quoting "past performance is no guarantee of future results" and argue that chart patterns are merely illusions created by people's subconscious. Certain theories of economics hold that if there were a way to predict future stock prices and profit by it then when enough people used these techniques they would become ineffective and cease to be profitable. On the other hand, predicting what others will predict the market will do, would be valuable information.


Cycles

Stock market cycles are the long-term price patterns of the stock market.


Momentum

Momentum: Momentum is usually measured with an oscillator such as MACD. If MACD is above its 9-day EMA (exponential moving average) or positive, then momentum will be considered bullish, or at least improving.
Momentum and rate of change (ROC) are simple technical analysis indicators showing the difference between today's closing price and the close N days ago. Momentum is the absolute difference in stock, commodity:

Rate of change scales by the old close, so as to represent the increase as a fraction,

"Momentum" in general refers to prices continuing to trend. The momentum and ROC indicators show trend by remaining positive while an uptrend is sustained, or negative while a downtrend is sustained.

A crossing up through zero may be used as a signal to buy, or a crossing down through zero as a signal to sell. How high (or how low when negative) the indicators get shows how strong the trend is.

The way momentum shows an absolute change means it shows for instance a $3 rise over 20 days, whereas ROC might show that as 0.25 for a 25% rise over the same period. One can choose between looking at a move in dollar terms, relative point terms, or proportional terms. The zero crossings are the same in each, of course, but the highs or lows showing strength are on the respective different bases.

The conventional interpretation is to use momentum as a trend-following indicator. This means that when the indicator peaks and begins to descend, it can be considered a sell signal. The opposite conditions can be interpreted when the indicator bottoms out and begins to rise.[1]

Point and Figure Analysis 

Point and figure (P&F) is a charting technique which provides a simple, yet disciplined method of identifying current or emerging trends in stock prices, used in technical analysis. 


Point and figure charting is unique in that it does not plot price against time as all other techniques do. Instead it plots price against changes in direction by plotting a column of Xs as the price rises and a column of Os as the price falls.[citation needed]


This brief guide aims to familiarize the investor with the basic concepts behind p&f charts and highlights some of the benefits from using them in one’s investment procedure.